Higher Education Student's Loan Board Application Guideline for year 2022/2023

It is time for taking prepartion for studying on High Education. You should ready it carefully and follow the procedures to get the loan from Higher Education Students Loan Board.

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"Ni muda wa kufanya maandalizi ya Masomo ya Elimu ya Juu. Unalazimika kusoma vizuri mwongozo huu na kufuata taratibu za kuomba mkopo wa Elimu ya Juu kutoka katika bodi ya mikopo ya Elimu ya Juu.

Pakua mwongozo hapa

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Closing and Opening the schools

FIRST TERM 2022

Schools will be closed 28/07/2022 It will be opened 05/09/2022 QUARTER TERM II Schools will be closed 30/09/2022 It will be opened 10/10/2022 SECOND TERM VOLUME Schools will be closed 08/12/2022 STANDARD SEVEN (7) NATIONAL EXAM 👇 05/10/2022 and 06/10/2022 FOURTH GRADE 4 (4) NATIONAL EXAM 👇 26/10/2022 and 27/10/2022 FORM FOUR NATIONAL EXAM FOR 14/11/2022 to 01/12/2022 FORM TWO NATIONAL TEST FORM 👇 01/11/2022 to 10/11/2022

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NARRATIVE WRITING OR LITERATURE

 NARRATIVE WRITING

Main features on narrative writing.

What is narrative writing?

 Is any kind of writing that tells a story real or imagined. It is a non-fiction or fiction narrative.

Types of narrative writing.

There are two (2) types of narrative writing as;

     i.        Non-fiction narrative; is a factual prose writing that tells a true story (based on real fact)

    ii.        Fiction narrative; is a prose writing that is using imaginative events or stories that did not actually happen.

 

 

Element or features of narrative writing.

 

1.    Plot

Plot is a sequence of events that occurs in narrative. Often at the centre of plot is a problem. As a person in a narrative tries to solve a conflict the plot builds to the point of highest interest or the climax. The resolution brings the narrative to satisfying and logical conclusion.

A plot in a narrative is not essential part in every non-fiction narrative. You can narrate an incident involved in visit to the zoo without introducing a conflict or problem of any kind.

          A plot in the fiction narrative is essential and it falls the dramatic structure of plot as follows.

             i.        Exposition

            ii.        Rising action

           iii.        Climax

           iv.        Falling action

            v.        Resolution

 

climax

                             rising action

                                                                        falling action

                   exposition                                                     resolution

 

          Where.

Exposition – this is the introduction of the story, back ground information that ones need to understand it. This information can includes Protagonist, Antagonist, the setting and so forth.

Rising Action – is what occurs leading up to the climax. It is the part of Dramatic Action that has to do with complication. This part begins as opposing Idea or group come into conflict and proceeds to the climax.

Climax – is considered as turning point of the action. It most exciting part of the story, this where all rising action and conflict building up in the finally reaches the peak. It is usually the moment of greatest danger or decision making for the Protagonist.

Falling Action – deals with events which occurs right after the climax. This events are usually after effects of the climax.

Resolution – is the end of falling action and the conclusion of the story.

 

 

2.    Setting

The setting in narrative is the time and place in which the narrative is occurs. The place in the setting may be a room in a house, one sport in the landscape or an entire geographical area such as country, state, city, or town.

The time in the setting may be a few minutes or few hours, a day  or several weeks in  a years, season or a whole of historical period such as the civil war era in a certain  country.

 

 

3.    Point of view

Represent the relationship of the narrator to the story. The narrator is one who relates the events of narrative. A non-fiction narrative told from the first person point of view is related by the author who are addresses the reader directly and uses first person pronouns such as I, Me, My, and Mine. (non-fiction)

In a fiction narrative told from the third point of view. The narrator stands back from the events and uses third person pronouns such as He, She, and They to refers  to the characters. (fiction)

 

 

4.    Characters

Are people or subject of the story. Or character refers to the person or thing that is given a role to play in a literary work. Characters in a literary work can be either protagonist or antagonist. Where; Protagonist is a hero or heroine and the central of the story. And Antagonist is the character that opposes the protagonist.

 

Types of character

i)             Major/main characters, Is the character who dominate literary work, He/she is found from beginning to the end of the novels or play.

ii)            Miner character, is the character who assist the main character to convey the message.

iii)           Static character, Is the doesn’t change behaviour in the work of art. Is also known as conservatic character.

iv)          Dynamic character, is the character who changes behaviour very easily. Is also called flexible character.

v)            Flat character, is the character who is one dimensional that appear and disappear in  the story.

 

 

5.    Conflict

Is any struggle between two opposing forces. There internal conflict that are within the characters. Also there is external conflict that is struggle outside the characters.

 

 

          PURPOSE AND AUDIENCE IN NARRATIVE WRITING

 

I.             Purpose

Every narrative has a general or specific purpose or a goal. The goal of news narrative is to inform. A sports narrative may be meant to daily entertain. The purpose of an autobiographical narrative could be to share the insight about life.

 

II.           Audiences

In all kind of writing the audience are the ones for whom the writer is intended to inform. The purpose and audience in narrative writing are two things which are closely related.

 

 

PREPARING A NARRATIVE OUTLINE

 

                     i.        Choosing event for narrative

Here you choose the event you wish to include in your narrative. Some of question may help to think about all the events related to the incident.

Example;

a.    In what way did the incident begin?

b.    What a problem or conflict, did or another character involved?

c.    What was my or another character reaction to this problems?

d.    In what way did I or another character solve the problem?

 

                    ii.        eliminate unnecessary events and details

Is an essential step in planning a narrative especially when the writer is restricted to one paragraph. The events that were not directly related to the purpose may be eliminated.

 

                   iii.        Collecting narrative details

Although the narrative you may write will be only one paragraph you should try to include some details about setting and the people. To generate details for narrative think how the people involved, looked, sounded, and acted.

 

USING DIALOGUE IN NARRATIVE WRITING.

 

The dialogue is the conversation between individuals in narrative, quoted word for word  and enclosed in quotation mark. (“ ”).

Writers use dialogue in both fiction narratives and non-fiction narratives. The dialogue in fiction narrative is made-up, where in the dialogue of a non-fiction the writers use the exact words of real people.

 

Example; read the following non-fiction narrative and note how dialogue  helps bring a historical events to life.

 

          When James Buchanan, was a member of U.S senate. Many years before his rise to the president, he often tangled with Henry Clay. One day the debate centred on Buchanan alloyed disloyalty  during a war of 1812 to prove his loyalty. Buchanan stated that; he had entered a company volunteers and the time of the Battle of North  point and marched to Baltimore, True he said; I was not in any engagement, as the British had retreated before my company got there.

          “you marched to Baltimore, though?” Clay asked. Yes, sir I said, Buchanan shot back. “armed and equipped?” Clay continued. Yes, said Buchanan, Armed and equipped. That was too much for Buchanan and he was quite for the remainder of the session.

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NEW CRITICISM THEOTY IN LITERATURE

 4.  NEW CRITICISM THEORY

Is a method that provides the reader with formula (or away) for arriving at the correct interpretation of a text using only the text itself. This method gives a reader an objective approach for discovering a text meaning regardless of his/her level.

Core basic of the theory

a)   Formalism; focuses on intrinsic (formal text) rather than extrinsic (historical and biography)

b)   Imperialism; appreciating the text for its beauty.

c)    Naturalism; naturalist view of life that emphasizes the importance of scientific thought in literary analysis.

 

How to become a formalist (new critic)

     i.        Read a text many times, careful note the diction (word choice)

    ii.        Search for images and symbols and relate them with each other.

   iii.        Look for element of prosody such as rhyme, rhythm, stanzas, mater, language and style.

Examine tone of speaker(narrator), theme, setting, and point of view.

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READER RESPONSE IN LITERATURE

 3.  READER RESPONSE

a)   The theory falls under pragmatic theory. It intended to see the role of reader on the construction of the and its interpretation.

b)   Literary text have to get meaning or interpretation from the reader.

c)    It is a reader who gives existence to the literary text.

d)   The meaning of literary text is unstable, there no specific meaning unless the interpretation of the reader.

e)   The logic relationship between the reader and a text.

Example of scholars; Stanley Fish – there is interpretative community.

Individual and society where;

 

Individual-is not independent she acquire value from the community that

    shape him/her to interpret the text.

          Society-there group of readers who share a set of conversation for

   understanding literary work in a text.

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MARXIST THEORY

 2.   MARXIST THEORY

Marxist theory has been profounder by KALMAX and this based on understanding and interpreting social, political, and economic ideologies that built up the society.

 

Fundamental premises areas of Marxist theory

(a)   Economic is the base in which the superstructure of social, political and ideologies realities is built. Economic power therefore always includes social and political power as well.

(b) Marxist assumed that neither human events nor human production can be understood without understanding the specific material or historical circumstances in which those events and production have occurred.

(c)  Marxist analysis of human events and production focuses on relationship among socio-economic classes both within the society and among the society and it explains all human activities in terms of distribution and dynamics of economic power.

 

Marxist theory in literature

·         To explain the nature of literary genre in terms of social period which produced it.

·         To relate the literary work to the social assumption of the time in which is consume.

Essential question for Marxist theory.

a)   Does work by reinforce capitalism, imperialism, or classist value?

b)   How might be the work seen as critique of capitalism, imperialism, or classism?

c)    How does literary work reflect the socio-economic of the time in which was written?

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